湖北省法律援助条例

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湖北省法律援助条例

湖北省人大常委会


湖北省法律援助条例

(2011年8月3日湖北省第十一届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十五次会议通过)


第一章 总 则


第一条 为了加强和规范法律援助工作,保障经济困难公民和其他符合法定条件的公民获得法律服务和帮助,促进社会公平正义与和谐社会建设,根据有关法律、行政法规,结合本省实际,制定本条例。

第二条 本省行政区域内的法律援助活动,适用本条例。

本条例所称法律援助,是指县级以上人民政府在司法行政部门设立的法律援助机构,组织法律服务机构或者法律服务人员,依法为经济困难公民和其他符合法定条件的公民,无偿提供法律咨询、代理、刑事辩护等法律服务的活动。

法律服务机构包括律师事务所、基层法律服务所、公证机构、司法鉴定机构等。

法律服务人员包括法律援助专职律师、律师事务所律师、基层法律服务工作者、公证员、司法鉴定人和法律援助志愿者。

受援人,是指依法获得法律援助的公民。

第三条 法律援助是政府的责任。县级以上人民政府应当将法律援助作为社会建设的重要内容,纳入国民经济和社会发展规划,建立健全覆盖城乡的法律援助服务体系,加强法律援助队伍建设;按照政府统一领导、部门配合、各负其责的原则,建立完善法律援助工作协调机制和目标管理责任制;将法律援助经费列入同级财政预算,逐步增加投入,保障法律援助事业与经济社会协调发展。

第四条 省财政按照国家有关规定设立法律援助专项补助资金,扶持农村贫困地区、少数民族地区和革命老区开展法律援助。

县级以上人民政府通过设立法律援助专项资金,多渠道筹集吸收社会捐助资金和社会公益资金,鼓励企业事业单位、其他社会组织和个人为法律援助事业提供捐助。

法律援助经费以及相关专项资金应当专款专用,经费使用情况接受财政、审计等部门的监督,并向社会公示。

第五条 县级以上人民政府司法行政部门监督管理本行政区域的法律援助工作。

法律援助机构具体负责受理、审查法律援助申请,指派法律服务机构或者法律服务人员为符合条件的公民提供法律援助,并对其开展法律援助活动进行指导和监督。

第六条 人民法院、人民检察院以及公安、财政、民政、人力资源和社会保障、卫生、工商行政管理、质量技术监督、信访等国家机关,根据各自职责做好有关法律援助工作。

乡镇人民政府、街道办事处以及社区、村(居)民委员会应当支持配合法律援助机构做好法律援助工作,并为辖区内需要法律援助的公民提供帮助。

第七条 工会、共青团、妇联、残联等社会团体应当结合工作实际,为相关群体提供有关的法律服务。法律援助机构应当予以支持和帮助。

鼓励、支持高等院校、企业事业单位以及其他社会组织利用自身资源,依法开展法律服务活动。鼓励、支持具有法律职业资格和法律专业知识、法律工作经验的人员参与法律援助活动。

第八条 各级人民政府及司法行政部门应当加强法律援助制度宣传,普及法律援助知识,提高公民依法维护自身权益的意识和能力。

新闻出版、广播电视、网络等公众媒体应当将法律援助作为公益性宣传的重要内容,为法律援助工作营造良好的社会氛围。

第九条 县级以上人民政府及其司法行政部门对在法律援助工作中做出突出贡献的单位和个人予以表彰奖励。


第二章 法律援助范围


第十条 公民对下列事项需要代理,因经济困难没有委托代理人的,可以向法律援助机构申请法律援助:

(一)依法请求国家赔偿的;

(二)请求给予社会保险待遇或者最低生活保障待遇的;

(三)请求发给抚恤金、救助金的;

(四)请求给付赡养费、抚养费、扶养费的;

(五)请求支付劳动报酬和维护其他劳动保障权益的;

(六)主张因见义勇为行为或者为保护社会公共利益产生民事权益的;

(七)因遭受家庭暴力、虐待、遗弃主张民事权益的;

(八)因交通事故、工伤事故、医疗损害、食品安全、环境污染、产品质量以及农业生产资料等造成人身损害或者财产损失请求赔偿的;

(九)国家和省规定的其他事项。

市州、县人民政府根据本地实际,可以对前款规定以外的法律援助事项作出补充规定。

第十一条 刑事诉讼中,犯罪嫌疑人、公诉案件中的被告人、公诉案件中的被害人及其法定代理人或者近亲属,以及自诉案件中的自诉人及其法定代理人,因经济困难没有聘请律师或者委托诉讼代理人的,可以向法律援助机构申请法律援助。

第十二条 公诉人出庭公诉的案件,被告人因经济困难或者其他原因没有委托辩护人,人民法院为被告人指定辩护时,法律援助机构应当提供法律援助。

被告人是盲、聋、哑人或者未成年人而没有委托辩护人的,或者被告人可能被判处死刑而没有委托辩护人的,人民法院为被告人指定辩护时,法律援助机构应当提供法律援助,无须对被告人进行经济状况的审查。

第十三条 公民经济困难的标准,按照受理申请的法律援助机构所在县(市、区)公布的城乡居民最低生活保障标准的1.5倍以内执行。

申请人因遭遇自然灾害等因素造成临时性经济困难的,其经济困难标准由法律援助机构参照前款规定,根据实际情况认定。

因遭受家庭暴力、虐待、遗弃主张民事权益,申请法律援助的,其经济困难标准以申请人的个人经济困难状况为准。

第十四条 人民法院、人民检察院、公安、信访等国家机关以及法律服务机构在工作过程中,发现当事人符合法律援助条件的,应当告知其可以向法律援助机构申请法律援助。


第三章 法律援助申请和审查


第十五条 公民申请法律援助由本人或者其委托人直接向法律援助机构提出;确有困难的,也可采用电话申请、邮寄申请、网上申请以及由法律援助机构上门受理等方式。

采用电话申请、邮寄申请、网上申请等方式的,法律援助机构应当作书面记载。作出提供法律援助决定后,应当通知申请人进行书面确认,并按规定补办有关手续。

第十六条 法律援助机构应当建立便民服务场所,开设申请法律援助服务窗口,完善无障碍配套服务设施,面向公众公开申请法律援助的事项范围、条件、程序、材料目录以及监督投诉电话,方便公民申请法律援助。

第十七条 公民申请法律援助的事项属于诉讼事项的,向审理案件的人民法院所在地的法律援助机构提出;属于侦查或者审查起诉阶段刑事案件的,向办理案件的公安机关或者人民检察院所在地的法律援助机构提出。

公民申请法律援助的事项属于非诉讼法律事项的,可以向有权处理机关所在地、申请人住所地或者事项发生地的法律援助机构提出。

两个以上法律援助机构都可以受理法律援助申请的,申请人可以向其中任何一个法律援助机构提出申请。申请人就同一事项向两个以上法律援助机构提出申请的,由最先收到申请的法律援助机构受理。

第十八条 被羁押的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、服刑人员申请法律援助的,可以通过公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院或者监狱向法律援助机构提出。

公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院或者监狱收到被羁押的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、服刑人员提出的法律援助申请后,应当在24小时内转交有关法律援助机构。

第十九条 申请人为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的,由其法定代理人代为提出申请。申请人没有法定代理人或者其法定代理人不履行申请义务的,由其住所地村(居)民委员会或者法律、法规规定的其他组织、人员代为提出申请。

第二十条 公民申请法律援助应当提供下列材料:

(一)身份证或者其他有效的身份证明,代理申请人还应当提交有代理权的证明;

(二)经济困难证明;

(三)与申请法律援助事项有关的材料。

经济困难证明由申请人住所地或者经常居住地村(居)民委员会出具,乡镇人民政府、街道办事处审核。经济困难证明应当如实载明申请人家庭人口状况、就业状况、家庭财产、家庭人均收入等信息。

第二十一条 法律援助机构收到法律援助申请后,应当及时进行审查,并根据下列情形作出处理:

(一)对申请材料齐全、权利主张合法、事实清楚、证据充分的,当场作出提供法律援助的决定;

(二)对申请材料不齐全的,应当一次性告知申请人作出补充或者说明;需要查证相关资料的,由法律援助机构予以查证;

(三)对涉及重大疑难事项或者其他特殊案件的,应当在5日内作出是否提供法律援助的决定;

(四)对不符合法律援助条件的,应当在5日内书面告知申请人并说明理由。

第二十二条 申请人有下列情形之一的,法律援助机构可以直接认定为符合法律援助条件,无须出具经济困难证明,但应当出具相应证件或者证明材料:

(一)属于农村五保供养对象的;

(二)正在领取最低生活保障金、孤儿保障金或者生活困难救助金的;

(三)在社会福利机构由政府供养的;

(四)无固定生活来源的城镇零就业家庭,有特殊困难的残疾人、老年人、患有重大疾病的人;

(五)农村进城务工人员请求支付劳动报酬或者工伤赔偿的;

(六)主张因见义勇为行为或者为保护社会公共利益产生民事权益的。

第二十三条 申请人有下列情形之一的,法律援助机构可以先行提供法律援助,事后由申请人补交有关证明材料:

(一)申请人面临重大人身或者财产损害危险的;

(二)申请事项法定期限即将届满的;

(三)有其他紧急或者特殊情形的。

第二十四条 申请人以人民法院司法救助决定书为依据申请法律援助,且符合本条例第十条、第十一条规定情形的,法律援助机构应当直接给予法律援助。受援人以法律援助机构的法律援助决定书为依据申请司法救助的,人民法院应当直接给予司法救助。

第二十五条 申请人对法律援助机构作出不予法律援助的决定有异议的,可以自收到决定之日起15日内向主管该法律援助机构的司法行政部门申请复查,司法行政部门应当自收到复查申请之日起5日内进行复查。经复查认为申请人符合法律援助条件的,应当书面通知法律援助机构变更决定,及时向申请人提供法律援助,并告知申请人;认为不符合法律援助条件,维持法律援助机构决定的,应当将理由书面告知申请人。


第四章 法律援助实施


第二十六条 法律援助一般采取下列方式:

(一)法律咨询、代拟法律文书;

(二)刑事辩护、刑事代理;

(三)民事、行政诉讼代理;

(四)行政复议代理,劳动、人事争议仲裁代理和其他非诉讼法律事务代理;

(五)公证援助和司法鉴定援助;

(六)法律、法规规定的其他法律援助形式。

第二十七条 由人民法院指定辩护的案件,人民法院在开庭10日前将指定辩护通知书和起诉书副本或者判决书副本送交法律援助机构;法律援助机构应当在收到指定辩护通知书等材料后及时指派法律服务人员,并在开庭3日前告知作出指定的人民法院。

第二十八条 法律服务人员在办理法律援助案件时,凭法律援助公函查阅有关档案资料,有关单位应当给予配合和协助,国家机关、国有企业事业单位和社会团体应当免收相关查询、咨询、复制等费用。

第二十九条 法律服务人员遇有下列情形之一的,应当向法律援助机构报告,法律援助机构经审查核实的,应当终止该项法律援助:

(一)以欺骗、隐瞒事实或者其他不正当手段申请获得法律援助的;

(二)先行提供法律援助时,发现受援人不符合法律援助条件的;

(三)受援人的经济状况发生变化,不再符合法律援助条件的;

(四)案件终止审理或者已被撤销的;

(五)受援人另行委托律师或者其他代理人的;

(六)受援人要求终止法律援助的;

(七)受援人隐瞒与法律援助案件有关的情况,不协助、不配合法律援助机构和法律服务人员,使法律援助工作难以继续开展的。

终止法律援助的,应当书面告知受援人,并说明理由。受援人有异议的,可以按照本条例第二十五条的规定申请复查。

第三十条 法律服务人员从事法律援助应当恪守职业道德和执业纪律,依法维护受援人的合法权益,并不得实施下列行为:

(一)无正当理由拒绝接受、拖延或者擅自终止实施法律援助;

(二)向受援人收取财物或者牟取其他不正当利益;

(三)对受援人隐瞒法律援助案件的进展情况;

(四)泄露当事人的隐私。

第三十一条 受援人有权向法律援助机构、法律服务机构或者法律服务人员了解法律援助案件的进展情况。法律服务人员没有依法履行职责的,受援人可以要求更换,法律援助机构经确认后应当另行安排法律服务人员提供法律援助。

受援人应当配合法律服务人员开展法律援助工作,如实向办理法律援助案件的法律服务人员陈述与法律援助案件有关的情况,提供相关证据材料。

受援人在受援期间因经济状况改善不再符合法律援助条件的,应当告知法律援助机构。

第三十二条 受援人申请仲裁、公证、司法鉴定的,有关仲裁机构、公证机构、司法鉴定机构应当依照有关规定减免相关费用。

第三十三条 办理法律援助案件的法律服务人员在案件结案时,应当及时向法律援助机构提交有关的法律文书、结案报告等材料。法律援助机构应当及时审查,并根据审查和案件情况支付办案补贴。

法律援助办案补贴标准由省司法行政部门会同省财政部门,根据法律援助案件的平均成本等因素核定。办案补贴标准可以根据需要进行调整。

第三十四条 司法行政部门及其法律援助机构应当按照规范、便捷、效率的原则,完善法律援助受理、审批、指派、承办等工作程序、工作制度和服务标准,提高法律援助的质量和效率。

建立健全各级法律援助机构以及法律援助机构与相关国家机关、社会团体互联互通的法律援助信息平台,实现法律援助信息资源共享,畅通法律援助渠道。

第三十五条 司法行政部门应当建立健全法律援助质量管理制度,制定办理法律援助案件的质量标准,开展法律援助质量监督、检查和评估,并以适当方式定期将法律援助情况向社会公布,接受社会监督。


第五章 法律责任


第三十六条 违反本条例,法律、行政法规有处罚规定的,从其规定。

第三十七条 法律援助机构及其工作人员有下列情形之一的,对直接负责的主管人员以及其他直接责任人员依法给予处分;有违法所得的,没收违法所得;情节严重,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任:

(一)为不符合法律援助条件的人员提供法律援助,或者拒绝为符合法律援助条件的人员提供法律援助的;

(二)办理法律援助案件收取财物或者牟取其他不正当利益的;

(三)从事有偿法律服务的;

(四)对受援人隐瞒法律援助案件进展情况的;

(五)泄露当事人隐私的;

(六)侵占、私分、挪用法律援助经费的。

办理法律援助案件违法收取的财物,由司法行政部门责令退还;侵占、私分、挪用法律援助经费的,由司法行政部门责令追回。

第三十八条 律师事务所拒绝法律援助机构的指派,不安排本所律师办理法律援助案件的,由司法行政部门给予警告、责令改正;情节严重的,责令停业整顿1个月以上3个月以下。

律师无正当理由拒绝接受、擅自终止法律援助案件或者办理法律援助案件收取财物的,由司法行政部门给予警告、责令改正,退还违法收取的财物,可并处所收财物价值1倍以上3倍以下的罚款;情节严重的,责令停止执业1个月以上3个月以下。

第三十九条 对在法律援助中出具虚假经济困难证明的,由所在单位或者上级主管部门对有关责任人员依法给予警告,责令改正。

公民以隐瞒、欺骗或者其他不正当手段获得法律援助的,法律援助机构在终止法律援助后,应当向当事人追收相关法律援助费用。

第四十条 有关国家机关、国有企业事业单位和社会团体以及仲裁机构、公证机构、司法鉴定机构,对法律援助事项,未按本条例规定减免相关费用的,由其主管部门责令改正,限期退还收取的费用。

第四十一条 司法行政部门、其他有关国家机关的工作人员在法律援助工作中,未按照本条例规定履行相应职责的,由其所在单位或者上级主管部门责令改正,情节严重的,对直接负责的主管人员和直接责任人员给予处分。


第六章 附 则


第四十二条 本条例自2011年10月1日起施行。



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商务部办公厅、国家发展改革委办公厅、工商总局办公厅关于《商品零售场所塑料购物袋有偿使用管理办法》有关问题的处理意见

商务部办公厅 国家发展改革委办公厅等


商务部办公厅、国家发展改革委办公厅、工商总局办公厅关于《商品零售场所塑料购物袋有偿使用管理办法》有关问题的处理意见

【发布文号】商改字[2008]41号


各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市、副省级城市、新疆生产建设兵团商务主管部门,发展改革委,工商管理总局:

  《商品零售场所塑料购物袋有偿使用管理办法》(商务部、发展改革委、工商总局2008年第8号令,以下简称《办法》)发布以来,陆续有地方商务、工商行政管理部门及企业提出一些问题。为确保《办法》顺利、有效实施,现就有关问题提出如下意见:

  一、《办法》第二条所称商品零售场所是指所有提供商品零售服务的企业和个体工商户经营场所。

  二、《办法》第二条所称用于装盛生鲜等食品的塑料预包装袋不得具有提携功能,且须符合食品包装相关标准。

  三、除食品外,其他商品进入零售渠道前,由商品生产者提供、随附于单件(组)商品、且符合国家相关标准要求的塑料包装袋可视为预包装袋。

  四、在4月16日《塑料购物袋的环保、安全和标识通用技术要求》(GB 21660-2008,6月1日实施,以下简称《要求》)公布之前向生产企业(批发商、进口商)采购,且符合《要求》中安全卫生与厚度规定,但未印制标识、环保声明和安全性声明的塑料购物袋,凭采购凭证可继续销售、使用至2008年9月30日。

  五、基于食品安全和卫生等方面的考虑,商品零售场所向顾客提供的各种材质的袋制品,应向依法设立的生产厂家、批发商或进口商采购,并索取相关证照,建立相应的购销台帐,以备查验。与此同时,商品零售场所不得接受任何机构、组织和个人免费或有偿提供的来历不明、相关标示不全、图案文字不符合国家相关标准和规定的各类袋制品。

  特此通知




                          商务部办公厅
                          国家发展改革委办公厅
                          工商总局办公厅



                          二ΟΟ八年七月四日

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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